Titanium
Element 22 · chemical symbol: Ti
These Vrulum profiles mention Titanium by name. Read each profile for its specific context; a mention alone does not establish composition, performance or use of the pure element.
For periodic-table data and other properties, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry periodic table.
Related technology profiles
Elastocaloric cooling
Elastocaloric cooling uses mechanical stress to make a shape-memory material warm and cool as its crystal structure changes. Laboratory systems have produced continuous cold air, kilowatt-scale cooling at zero temperature lift, and a small heat-driven device. The results are promising engineering demonstrations, but efficiency, fatigue life, system cost and performance under useful operating conditions remain open questions.
Lithium-ion batteries
Lithium-ion batteries store and release electricity by moving lithium ions between two electrodes, and they power electric cars. Their cost and energy density keep changing, but fire risk, dependence on nickel-containing chemistries and recycling that is still developing remains an open limit.
Metasurface optics and flat lenses
Metasurfaces are flat layers patterned with structures smaller than the wavelength of light, which bend and focus light in place of curved glass. Research metalenses have now focused the full visible spectrum to one point, but they are research prototypes, and the sources reviewed here give no verified commercial performance figures.